Natural Resource-Based Conflicts and Their Impact On Community Wellbeing

Abstract

The study explored the impact of natural resource-based conflicts on community well-being, focusing on Barrick North Mara Gold Mine in Mara, Tanzania. The study aimed to evaluate how these conflicts affected the surrounding communities' economic, social, and environmental aspects. Specifically, the objectives were to identify the causes of resource-based conflicts, assess their effects on local livelihoods, and propose potential preventive measures to enhance community well- being. Grounded in Relative Deprivation Theory, which explains conflict as a response to perceived disparities between expected and actual benefits from resources, the study used a qualitative approach within a case study design. The research area covered seven villages around the mine, with a sample of 29 respondents that included community members, local leaders, mining officials, and government representatives. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews, allowing for an in-depth exploration of participants' experiences, and thematic analysis was used to identify recurring patterns and themes. Findings revealed that conflicts were primarily fuelled by land ownership disputes, environmental degradation, perceived inequalities in resource distribution, and a lack of transparent communication between the mine and the community. These factors created an environment of mistrust and resentment, further compounded by incidents involving mine security forces, which contributed to fear and tension within the community. The study identified a range of impacts on community well-being, including economic hardship due to lost livelihoods, social instability, health challenges from pollution, and a weakening of traditional structures and social cohesion. Respondents highlighted the loss of access to essential resources, such as farmland and clean water, as a significant contributor to poverty and food insecurity. The study concluded that while mining had potential economic benefits, failing to address community concerns and ensure equitable resource sharing exacerbated long-term conflicts, ultimately undermining local well-being. Recommendations included fostering improved communication and dialogue between the mine and the community. Key Terms: Natural Resource, Conflicts, Community Wellbeing, Barrick Gold Mine