Examining Evolution of Maritime Security on Inter-State Conflicts.

Abstract

State borders are established through international law via a process called delimitation with maritime borders often delineated using specific coordinates that map out a state's territorial extent irrespective of the delineation, there are the effects of maritime security that lead to inter state conflicts including a case of Lake Nyasa between Tanzania and Malawi. The study examined the evolution of maritime security on inter-state conflicts in a case of Lake Nyasa between Tanzania and Malawi. The specific objectives of the study were examined the threats of maritime disputes between Tanzania and Malawi on Lake Nyasa, evaluated the factors contributing to maritime security threats in Lake Nyasa and sought to propose potential interventions for achieving sustainable maritime security on Lake Nyasa. The theoretical framework explored how historical institutionalism, resource scarcity and conflict theory and political ecology contribute to these security threats. The historical context, including colonial treaties and unresolved border agreements, has laid the groundwork for present-day disagreements. Competition for resources, particularly fish stocks, is exacerbated by a lack of clearly defined borders and unsustainable fishing practices. Political ecology highlights how power dynamics and social inequalities shape these issues, with marginalized communities bearing the brunt of the consequences. The study identifies knowledge gaps in understanding the role of climate change and non-state actors in maritime insecurity. The study employed a constructivist-realist approach. The research integrated realist principles concerning national interests, resource competition and power dynamics with constructivist lenses exploring historical narratives, treaty interpretations and socio-economic impacts. A mixed methods approach was adopted, utilizing a case study research design to gather both quantitative and qualitative data from a sample of n=111 participants in Kyela District, Tanzania. Data analysis involved SPSS software for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data. The research instruments were evaluated for validity and reliability. To ensure validity, expert feedback was incorporated and the instruments were assessed for relevance and clarity. Reliability was established through a pilot study using Cronbach's Alpha. Ethical considerations were paramount throughout the research process. Proper permits were obtained, informed consent was sought from participants and data confidentiality was maintained. The study found that the maritime security situation on Lake Nyasa significantly impacts relations between Tanzania and Malawi. Historical grievances and economic potential of the lake's resources contribute to the tension. The public is aware of these issues and is affected by the resulting disruptions to fishing and trade. In conclusion, the study highlights that the maritime security issues on Lake Nyasa play a pivotal role in shaping Tanzania-Malawi relations, with historical grievances and resource competition intensifying tensions that disrupt local livelihoods. The study recommends increased diplomatic efforts, establishment of a Joint Boundary Commission and public education campaigns to foster peace. The study also recommends that maritime security agencies enhance patrols, develop joint initiatives, invest in surveillance technologies and train personnel. Collaborative efforts on environmental protection are crucial. Further research is suggested on the role of international law and political dynamics in exacerbating or mitigating maritime security threats. The study highlights the need for effective conflict resolution and peacebuilding strategies.