THE EFFECT OF ELECTRICITY SUPPLY RELIABILITY ON SMALLHOLDER FARMERS PRODUCTIVITY IN TANZANIA

Abstract

This study examined the effect of electricity supply reliability on smallholder farmers in Tanzania, focusing on Ifakara Town in the Kilombero Valley. The study adopted a convergent mixed-methods design, integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches to provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue. The study targeted smallholder farmers, agro-processors, and TANESCO officials, with a total sample of 100 respondents selected using the Yamane formula and purposive sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS Version 27, employing descriptive statistics and linear regression, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically using NVivo. The findings revealed that electricity availability had a positive effect on agricultural productivity by improving irrigation efficiency, processing capacity, and household income. However, prolonged power outages disrupted irrigation schedules, increased post-harvest losses, and forced reliance on costly backup options such as diesel generators. Additionally, delays in fault response and voltage fluctuations constrained operational reliability. The study concludes that electricity reliability is a critical enabler of agricultural productivity, income growth, and rural transformation. Consistent with the Energy-Led Growth Hypothesis (ELGH) and Endogenous Growth Theory, the study affirms that a stable energy supply drives technological adoption and value addition in rural economies. The study recommends that TANESCO strengthen maintenance systems, improve communication during outages, and enhance infrastructure resilience. Furthermore, the government and the Rural Energy Agency (REA) should promote renewable mini-grids and provide technical support to farmers to reduce vulnerability to power disruptions