Abstract:
This study examined the effect of electricity supply reliability on smallholder farmers in
Tanzania, focusing on Ifakara Town in the Kilombero Valley. The study adopted a
convergent mixed-methods design, integrating both quantitative and qualitative
approaches to provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue. The study targeted
smallholder farmers, agro-processors, and TANESCO officials, with a total sample of 100
respondents selected using the Yamane formula and purposive sampling. Data were
collected using structured questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed
using SPSS Version 27, employing descriptive statistics and linear regression, while
qualitative data were analyzed thematically using NVivo. The findings revealed that
electricity availability had a positive effect on agricultural productivity by improving
irrigation efficiency, processing capacity, and household income. However, prolonged
power outages disrupted irrigation schedules, increased post-harvest losses, and forced
reliance on costly backup options such as diesel generators. Additionally, delays in fault
response and voltage fluctuations constrained operational reliability. The study concludes
that electricity reliability is a critical enabler of agricultural productivity, income growth,
and rural transformation. Consistent with the Energy-Led Growth Hypothesis (ELGH)
and Endogenous Growth Theory, the study affirms that a stable energy supply drives
technological adoption and value addition in rural economies. The study recommends that
TANESCO strengthen maintenance systems, improve communication during outages,
and enhance infrastructure resilience. Furthermore, the government and the Rural Energy
Agency (REA) should promote renewable mini-grids and provide technical support to
farmers to reduce vulnerability to power disruptions
