Impacts of Informal Border Crossings on National Security in Tanzania

Abstract

This study explores the socio-economic and security impacts of informal border crossings in Buhigwe District, Tanzania, located along the Tanzania-Burundi border. Informal migration in this region has created significant challenges, including resource competition, changes in labor dynamics, social tensions, and security concerns. The study aims to analyze these impacts, identify gaps in current border management policies, and provide recommendations to enhance community resilience and border security. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected from 35 purposively selected respondents, including immigration officers, local leaders, UNHCR officials, and farmers. Methods such as semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observation provided in-depth insights into the challenges and perceptions surrounding informal migration. Thematic analysis, supported by triangulation, ensured reliability and accuracy of findings. The study found that informal migration strains local resources, destabilizes labor markets, and increases the demand for social services, fueling tensions between host communities and migrants. Security concerns, including cross-border crime and inadequate law enforcement, further complicate the situation. Gaps in policies, especially in border enforcement and humanitarian support for vulnerable groups such as women and children, were identified. The study recommends an integrated policy framework to balance security and humanitarian needs. Proposed measures include strengthening border management, supporting local development, and fostering collaboration among community leaders, government authorities, and international organizations to achieve sustainable migration management and resilience in the region. i